[i] (i) Hernández Aquino, Luis. 1993. Diccionario de voces indígenas de Puerto Rico. Tercera edición, Editorial Cultural.  Esmaco, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico. (ii)

[ii] Aguayo, Carlos Aguero 1950 Bosquejo Histórico de la Zoología Cubana. Boletín de Historia Natural de la Sociedad “Felipe Poey” 1 (1 August), 3-29. Page 5 “Entre los animales que mas llamaron la atención de los españoles al llegar a nuestra isla, fueron los nombrados perros mudos, cuya identificación ha sido objeto de discrepancias por diversos naturalistas e historiadores. Felipe Poey sostuvo que no era un verdadero perro, sino el Oso lavandero o Mapache (Procyon lotor); pero el estudio de los restos por los colonizadores, así como el conocimiento de los demás mamíferos antillanos, hace difícil concebir que los españoles confundieran el llamado perro mudo, con ningún otro los demás mamíferos que habitaron las antillas en la época de descubrimiento. Han abundado en dicha opinión C.(arlos) del la Torre, G. S. Miller y el que suscribe.”

[iii] Brisbin Jr., I.L., and T.S. Risch. 1997. Primitive dogs, their ecology and behavior: Unique opportunities to study the early development of the human-canine bond. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210(April 15), 1122

[iv] (i) Zayas y Alfonso, Alfredo 1914. “Lexografía Antillana” El Siglo XX Press, Havana. “En la lengua de los indios quiere decir perro.” de las Casas, (Bartolomé) Vol. II, page 165.  And then Zayas goes on, apparently contrary to modern scholarship (see. Ugarriza 1993; Schwartz, 1997), denying the existence of pre-Columbian dogs in Cuba. (ii) Schwartz, Marion 1997. "A History of Dogs in the Early Americas." Yale University Press, New Haven pp. 76-78. (iii) Ugarriza, 1993  Oscar personal communication on surviving Taíno words “aon little dogs.” Oscar is from Camagüey, Cuba descent of Tanima of Sagua and Vasco de Porcalla. (iv) de las Casas, Bartolomé (1875 edition) Historia de las Indias Volume 2, Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta Madrid- Page 165 “Aquel Rey é señor de las dichas sierras y tierra hasta la dicha mar, tenia por nombre Mayobanex, por otro nombre le llamaban los españoles el Cabron, no sé otra causa, sino por escarnio, como solian poner nombres, à los señores, vituperiosos como los hallaron desnudos; segun que yo cognoscí hombre español, que al Cacique y señor con quien él pudiera vivir por mozo de espuelas llamaba Aon, que en la lengua de los indios quiere decir perro. …”

[v] Daley, L 1948-1998, 2006  communication to friends In the rainforest of the Sierra Maestra I remember the howls of the wild dogs.  One was captured and kept at the batey of "Tío Ming" in Guamá and we had another one at the Casa de los Generales in Entre Rios.   He, the jíbaro dog was a black silent beast.  He had saved my life driving off a little rabid sato dog, as I (still a child) dug for worms for fishing.  This action cost his life for stricken with the disease and unvaccinated he had to be shot.   These wild dogs were about the size of a small German shepherd, often black and smooth haired. They look like dingoes and do not bark but howl instead.  If what a zoologist told me is true, these were the dogs brought over by the Mammoth hunters, perhaps Ceboruco or Guanacabeyes, who preceded the Taínos in the islands of the Caribbean.   Thus I was glad to see read the Marion Schwartz book "A history of Dogs in the Early Americas, Yale University Press New Haven and London (ISBN 0-300-07519-7 paper, and 0-300-06964-2 cloth bound) since it is a source of some interesting material on pre-colonial Taíno animals. On page 76 for instance it talks about the two kinds of dogs, the more well known small dogs and the larger ones.  The smaller were sometimes eaten and the larger used for hunting jutías (Hutias). Unfortunately the author is under the misconception that jutías are extinct.   The book, I have the paperback edition, which has a beautiful cover and illustrations.  Larry

[vi] Norman, MJ, 1999 personal communication 2. E-mail from MJ Date: Fri, 19 Nov 1999 10:56:04 -0400 (EDT) From: "MANNY NORMAN, SR. SYSTEMS PROGRAMMER" NORMAN_MANNY@ONLINE.EMICH.EDU  To: daleyl@peak.org Subject: Re: A history of Dogs in the Early Americas Do you remember Superfino, my dog, who was half wild dog and part sausage dog?  He followed me all over the mountains. MJ

[vii] Fitzpatrick, Scott M. and William F. Keegan 2007 Human impacts and adaptations in the Caribbean Islands: an historical ecology approach. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 98, 29-45 “ABSTRACT Archaeological investigations demonstrate that peoples first settled the Caribbean islands approximately 6000–7000 years ago. At least four major, and multiple minor, migrations took place over the next millennia by peoples from Mesoamerica and South America who practised various subsistence strategies and had different levels of technology. …”

[viii] Morey, Darcy 2010 Dogs: Domestication and the Development of a Social Bond. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne etc. ISBN-13 9780521760065 Page 3 “ … Ground sloths on Caribbean islands, however, seem to have coexisted with humans for at least 1,000 (24) and possibly several thousand years (25), indicating that, even on islands, the process of rendering a species extinct was often prolonged. …” Page 105 “… played a role in the extinction of North American megafauna…”

[ix] Macphee, R. D. E.,  M. A. Iturralde-Vinent, and Osvaldo Jiménez Vázquez (2007) Prehistoric sloth extinctions in Cuba: Implications of a new ‘‘last’’ appearance date. Caribb J Sci 43:94–98. “ABSTRACT.—We report the youngest radiocarbon determination so far for an identified species of Antillean sloth, 4190 ± 40 yr BP, based on a molariform of Megalocnus rodens from the locality of Solapa de Silex,  Lomas de Cacahual, prov. La Habana, Cuba. Together with other recently reported age estimates, the evidence is now secure that at least some Antillean sloth species survived until ca. 4200 yr BP, or approximately 1000 yr later than the first plausible evidence for the presence of humans in the Greater Antilles. The survival of relatively large terrestrial mammals for such a lengthy period after the arrival of Homo sapiens indicates that insular extinctions in the Late Quaternary did not always occur in a “blitzkrieg” manner.” See also Macphee, R.D.E., Jennifer L. White, and Charles A. Woods 2000 New Megalonychid Sloths (Phyllophaga, Xenarthra) from the Quaternary of Hispaniola American Museum Novitates (3303) 1–32. http://0-www.bioone.org.oasis.oregonstate.edu/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0003-0082&volume=303&issue=01&page=0001&StartMuseCookie=IIIV925097525%3D%22141-vge%22%3B+path%3D%2F

[x] Macphee, R. D. E.,  M. A. Iturralde-Vinent, and Osvaldo Jiménez Vázquez (2007) Prehistoric sloth extinctions in Cuba: Implications of a new ‘‘last’’ appearance date. Caribb J Sci 43:94–98. “ABSTRACT.—We report the youngest radiocarbon determination so far for an identified species of Antillean sloth, 4190 ± 40 yr BP, based on a molariform of Megalocnus rodens from the locality of Solapa de Silex,  Lomas de Cacahual, prov. La Habana, Cuba. …”

[xi] Aguayo, Carlos Aguero 1950 Observaciones sobre algunos mamíferos cubanos extinguidos Boletín de Historia Natural de la Sociedad “Felipe Poey” 1(3 November 1950) Pages 121-134 Page 129 citing Miller writes “En general los huesos de los perezosos estaban asociados con los restos humanos de la misma manera que los huesos de los roedores Isolobondon y Plagidontia (Jutías), que se conocen positivamente como contemporáneos del hombre.” On pages 132-133 the author speculates on the remains of dogs found associated with indigenous traces, wondering if they are the “perros mudos” (dogs that do not bark) reported by the first Spaniards arriving in the Caribbean). 

[xii] Gunnell, Jane Rittenhouse Carolina Dogs, The American Dingos Perfect Dogs: Remnants from Ages Past, My Canid Odyssey 262 Eastgate Drive #342 Aiken, SC 29803  http://www.carolinadogs.org/bookinfo.html
http://gator.biol.sc.edu/dogpage/index.html

[xiii] Gunnell, Jane Rittenhouse Carolina Dogs, The American Dingos Perfect Dogs: Remnants from Ages Past, My Canid Odyssey 262 Eastgate Drive #342 Aiken, SC 29803  http://www.carolinadogs.org/bookinfo.html

http://gator.biol.sc.edu/dogpage/index.html

[xiv] Morey, Darcy 2010 Dogs: Domestication and the Development of a Social Bond.  Cambridge University Press,  New York, ISBN: 9780521760065 0521760062 9780521757430 0521757436  Page 103 “ Pleistocene Extinctions: Did Dogs have an impact? In and unusual piece, Fiedel (2005) has argued that dogs may well have played a conspicuous role in the well known extinction of of late Pleistocene animals in North America. …”   A parallel, albeit later role would correspond to the extinction of the ground sloth in Cuba.. Steadman, David W , Paul S. Martin‡ Ross D. E. MacPhee, A. J. T. Jull, H. Gregory McDonald, Charles A. Woods, Manuel Iturralde-Vinent, and Gregory W. L. Hodgins 2005 Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands, PNAS August 16, 2005 vol. 102 (33) 11763-11768 http://www.pnas.org/content/102/33/11763.abstract “Radiocarbon dates directly on dung, bones, or other tissue of extinct sloths place their “last appearance” datum at ≈11,000 radiocarbon years before present (yr BP) or slightly less in North America, ≈10,500 yr BP in South America, and ≈4,400 yr BP (this paper dates extinctions on the islands at a far earlier data than most other authors L.D.) on West Indian islands. This asynchronous situation is not compatible with glacial–interglacial climate change forcing these extinctions, especially given the great elevational, latitudinal, and longitudinal variation of the sloth-bearing continental sites. Instead, the chronology of last appearance of extinct sloths, whether on continents or islands, more closely tracks the first arrival of people.”

[xv] Evidence for this--although very incomplete--seems highly credible, if one considers the similarity between Carolina Dog or American Dingo (Carolina Dog information accessed 6-3-10) http://www.greatdogsite.com/breeds/details/Carolina_Dog/) and the probability of pre-Columbian travel between present day U.S. and Cuba (e.g. Seidemann, Ryan M. 2001. The Bahamian Problem in Florida Archaeology: Oceanographic Perspectives on the Issue of Pre-Columbian Contact. The Florida Anthropologist, 54(1):4-23),  In general: “According to fossil evidence, the primitive dogs of the Americas

were also morphologically very similar to dingoes and they probably arrived there together with people via the Bering Strait (Olsen and Olsen 1977). The Carolina dog is the remaining descendent of the early